Abstract
Inspired by fully continuous interpretation a completely automated interpretation workflow for reference samples was implemented in our lab. It's based on a quite simple model, which includes DNA amount and degradation as well as backward and forward stutters. The current implementation can handle CE results of any number of replicates, even from different autosomal or Y-chromosomal STR kits. Results, lessons learned in a first set of test series and potential future extensions are discussed.
Keywords
1. Introduction
Both subjective effects on EPG interpretation [
[1]
] as well as increasing number of cases raised the need for implementing an automated interpretation in our lab. Several software solutions based on full-continuous models clearly show the potential of the so-called probabilistic genotyping [2
, 3
, Ø. Bleka, P. Gill, EuroForMix: http://www.euroformix.com/.
4
, C.H. Brenner, DNA-view Mixture solution: http://dna-view.com/.
5
]. While none of them perfectly fits our lab's needs, an own approach was developed as an additional feature of Statistefix [Institute of Environmental Science and Research New Zealand, Forensic Science South Australia, STRmix: https://www.strmix.com/.
[6]
] as the core functionality.V. Weirich, Statistefix: https://www.statistefix.de/.
2. Material studied, methods, techniques
Basically, there are five steps, which can be automated separately:
- 1Import of fsa and / or hid files into GeneMapper ID-X (GMIDX; Thermo Fisher Scientific) using its command line interface (CLI)
- 2Analyses of these files in GMIDX with Analysis Methods without any filters using CLI (with versions earlier than 1.6 the creation of separate projects with specialized Analysis Methods is recommended; there is no need for this anymore with version 1.6 because of its new "Export Table With Stutter"-option)
- 3Export of the GMIDX results as csv or txt file, again using its CLI
- 4Automated interpretation using the above mentioned new Statistefix-feature
- 5Automated generation of database records including QR-codes for National DNA Database
For step 5 an AddIn for Word 2013 and newer (Microsoft Corporation) was developed.
Steps 1 to 3 and step 5 address mainly technical issues. Core functionality is realized by probabilistic genotyping within Statistefix. It's based on a quite simple model that takes DNA amount and degree of degradation as well as backward and forward stutters into account. The current version is able to use any number of replicates, even from different STR kits.
3. Results and discussion
A first test series with all reference samples from case work between July 2018 and June 2019 was started. For these 555 persons 17 STR loci including Amelogenin had to be analyzed. Hence, 18,870 alleles had to be reported. While 18,856 (99.926%) automated allele calls were concordant with classical interpretation by an experienced DNA expert, only 14 discordant allele calls were observed: 7 allele calls were automatically classified as "ambiguous", the remaining 7 allele calls were erroneous (0.037% each).
Most of the discordant allele calls were caused by alleles not present in the bin sets provided by the kit vendors. Therefore, an Excel macro was developed to fill up vendors' bin sets with appropriate virtual bins. Using these new bin sets to analyze the same 555 reference samples in a second test series, only four discordant allele calls (0.02%) were observed: Three of these allele calls were caused by extreme locus imbalances, probably due to primer binding site mutations, the forth one was caused by a huge bleed through, accompanied by a failed size calling of the EPG of the complement second kit.
Given those useful results even in cases of poor-quality reference samples, an additional test series for crime scene samples was performed on lab's backlog data, without EPG inspection by an expert. Basically, the model is extended by one variable only: the number of contributors. Above mentioned parameters (DNA amount, degree of degradation, possible genotypes) are all handled individually. In a serial analysis 5834 hid files of 3167 crime scene samples were analyzed using Statistefix. After 30 h 901 complete profiles (17 loci) were deduced automatically, from both single stains and mixtures. These profiles were submitted to the National DNA Database and searched for matches; causing a hit ratio of 28.7%. Even incomplete DNA profiles (> = 10 complete loci), generated from poor quality stains, provided valid hits in the National DNA Database.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, although the above-mentioned probabilistic interpretation is still to improve, it is a very useful tool in our lab.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The author of this manuscript certifies that he has no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Øyvind Bleka, Charles Brenner and the STRmix crew (no particular order) for valuable discussions.
References
- Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation.Sci. Justice. 2011; 51: 204-208
- Probabilistic genotyping software: an overview.Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2019; 38: 219-224
Ø. Bleka, P. Gill, EuroForMix: http://www.euroformix.com/.
C.H. Brenner, DNA-view Mixture solution: http://dna-view.com/.
Institute of Environmental Science and Research New Zealand, Forensic Science South Australia, STRmix: https://www.strmix.com/.
V. Weirich, Statistefix: https://www.statistefix.de/.
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: September 23, 2019
Accepted:
September 21,
2019
Received:
September 20,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
